Ni catatan waktu bimbel bahasa inggris beberapa tahun yang lalu dari pada di lupain mending posting di sini aja biar ada manfaatnya,,
Mbak dan Mas tentor ijin Posting yaaa,,,hehehe...
COCORD/AGREEMENT(Penyesuaian Kata)
TRICK 1
- THE NOUN
- THE NUMBER + VERB/AUX VERB(TUNGGAL)
- SOME
TRICK 2
- EACH OF
- ONE OF
- NONE + NOUN JAMAK + VERB/AUX VERB(TUNGGAL)
- EITHER
- NEITHER
TRICK 3
- EITHER + NOUN 1 + OR + NOUN 2 + VERB/AUX VERB
- NEITHER + NOUN 1 + NOR + NOUN 2 + VERB/AUX VERB
NOTE: NOUN 2 YANG MENENTUKAN PREDIKATNYA
TRICK 4
- VERB-ING + NOUN JAMAK + VERB/AUX VERB
NOTE: PREDIKET TERGANTUNG JUMLAH GERUNDNYA
TRICK 5
- UKURAN JARAK
- WAKTU
- UANG + VERB/BE(TUNGGAL)
- PERSENTASE
- PERBANDINGAN
- Everybody,Everyone,Nobody,None,Anyone predikat TUNGGAL kata ganti JAMAK.
- Beberapa kata yang bentuk JAMAK selalu di gunakan predikat TUNGGAL(permainan:Cards,plajaran:mathematics).
- Nama Judul Buku,Beberapa Kata yang di Satukan,dianggap TUNGGAL.
- THE NUMBER OF di anggap tunggal A NUMBER OF dianggap jamak.
- COLLECTIVE NOUNS di anggap TUNGGAL jika di pandang sebagai SATU KESATUAN,dianggap JAMAK bila MENUNJUKKAN pada ANGGOTA-ANGGOTANYA…….
- ……OF….,PREDIKET tergantung kata SEBELUM OF "tunggal/jamak"
- Everybody,Everyone,Nobody,None,Anyone predikat TUNGGAL kata ganti JAMAK.
SUBJUNCTIVE
1 PRESENT SUBJUNTIVE
Kalimat subjuntive
inienunjukan keadaan sekarang kata kerja yang selalu digunakan SIMPLE PAST TENSE
dan To Be yang selalu di gunakan WERE.
Ex:I wish I were a student in Gajah Mada unversity
2 PAST SUBJUNTIFE
Kalimat ini menunjukkan keadaan di waktu lampau kata kerja yang di gunakan past perfec tense.
Ex:If Only I had met you before I left our city
Subjuntive menggunakan kata-kata sebagai berikut:
- Wish(ingin),If Only(jika,hanya jika)Would Rather(lebih suka) → Menyatakan Keinginan
- As If,As Tough(seolah-olah) → Menyatakan Sifat/Keadaan yang Tidak Benar Adanya
CODITIONAL
TRICK 1
- IF + SUBJEK +V.1, S + M.1 + V.1
Ex:If I have much money I should continue my school in abroad
Fakta:bersifat kemungkinan,probably,may be.
TRICK 2
- IF + SUBJEK +V.2/WERE +S + M2 + V.1
Ex: If I prepeared well for the test I should pass.
Fact:I don't pass the test
Fakta:berkebalikan dengan pernyataan memakai prediket present
TRICK 3
- IF + SUBJEK + HAD + V3 +S+ M.2 + HAVE +
V.3
Ex:If he hadn't beaten the dog,it might not have died
Fact:The dog died
Fakta:berkebalikan dengan pernyataan prediket di ganti dengan past tense
TRICK 4
- TIDAK MENGGUNAKAN IF MAKA KATA KERJA ATAU KATA BANTU DI LETAKKAN SEBELUM SUBJEK….
Ex: If I were a rich person,I should buy every thing that I need
CAUSATIVE
TRICK 1
A
- HAVE
- MAKE + ORANG/OBJEK AKTIF +VERB 1
- LET
Ex: I have my sister wash my uniform
B
- HAVE
- MAKE + BENDA + V 3
- LET
Ex:I have my uniform washed
TRICK 2
A
- GET
- ORDER + ORANG/OBJEK AKTIF + TO V 1
- ASK
- TELL
Ex:She orders a designer to make a beatiful dress for her
B
- GET
- ORDER
+ BENDA + VERB 3
- ASK
- LET
Ex:She orders a beautiful dress made
"MEANING: S + TELL/ORDER/LET/ASK/COMAND/+OBJEK + TO V 1"
PASSIVE VOICE
TRICK1
- TO BE + V3
Ex:I was told about secret story.
Apabila suatu kalimat terdapat dua objek ,maka keduanya dapat dijadikan subjek pada kalimat pasif
Ex: Father gave me much money
P1:Much money was given to me
P2:I was given much money
TRICK 2
- ……..,YET
- NOT YET
- WHEN……NOUN + TO BE + BEING + V3
- WHILE
- NOW
- AT THE MOMENT
Ex: The computer was being repaired when I came
TRICK 3
- NOUN NEED + TO + BE + V3
Ex: The story need to rewritten again
TRICK 4
- MUST HAVE
- MIGHT HAVE + BEEN + V3
- SHOULD HAVE
Ex:The book must have been taken by some one
TRICK 5
- LOOK FORWARD + TO+BEING V3+BY USED TO
TRICK 6
- NOUN
+ TO + BE +V3
- WAIT
Ex:She hasn't much money to be saved in the bank
CONJUNCTION
TRICK1:
NH SBY
Adfersatife/berlawanan:
- Neverthless: NAMUN
- However: AKAN TETAPI
- Yet/Still: NAMUN
- But: TAPI
- Only: HANYA
- While: SEDANGKAN
- Wheares: MENGINGAT
TRICK2
MIA BF
PENAMBAHAN
- More Over
- In Addition
- And
- Becide
- Futher More
TRICK3
BASF
- Because
- As
- Since
- For
TRICK4
EAT
- Eventough
- Altough
- Tough
- Inspite(untuk frase)
- Despite(untuk frase)
CONJUNTION YANG LAINYA
- IN STEAD OF:DARI PADA
- OTHERWISE:JIKA TIDAK
- ON THE CONTARARY/THE OTHER HAND:SEBALIKNYA
PARTICIPLE
Menunjukkan keadan/aktif atau Pasif sebagai penjelas kata benda
- Present partisiple menyatakan kegiatan aktif,menggunakan: VERB 1+ING
- Past participle menyatakan kegiatan aktif,menggunakan: VERB 3
Beberapa fungsi "participle":
- Sebagai penjelas kata banda: NOUN + V-ING/V3 atau A/AN/THE
V-ING/3 NOUN
Ex:One of The car bought by my uncle was broken
- Setelah kata kerja tertentu seperti kata kerja indrawi dengan pola kalimat: SLOW Not FLASH + O + V-ING/V1(AKTIF) //V3(PASIF)
Smell Listen Observe Feel Find Keep Cacth
Notice Look at Watch See
Hear
Ex: I hear him singing loudly(yang sedang terjadi)
3.Penjelas klausa :
PARTICIPLE,KLAUSA(SUBJEK+PREDIKET)
- V-ING,V3 + …..,CLAUSA
Ex: Being sick,She didn't go to school
ARTI:
- SUATU YANG DILAKUKAN BERSAMAAN(WHEN,WHILE)
- PERSITIWA YANG TERJADI AKIBAT PERISTIWA PERTAMA(BASF)
- HAVING + V3/BEEN….,CLAUSA
Ex:Having graduated senior high school,She continued her study in university
ARTI:
"MENUNJUKAN PERISTIWA YANG BERLANGSUNG BERURUTAN(AFTER)
GERUND
Kata benda yang di bentuk dari V-ing
Fungsi GERUND:
- SEBAGAI SUBJEK:
V-ING + P + C/O
- SEBGAI KOMPLEMEN:
S + TO BE + V-ING
- SEBAGAI OBJEK UNTUK VERB TERTENTU:
FiFa"MAS DAR CUAKEP DECH"+O(V-ING)
Finish Fancy forgive Mind Admait Appreciate Denay Delay Detest Resist Risk Concider Continue Keep Enjoy Excuse Postpone Practise Pardon Prevent Undertand.Aviod Anticipate Avoid Neglect
Ex: The students have finised doing the exercises
- OBJEK POSESIVE:
POSSESIVE + V-ING - OBJEK PREPOSISI(KATA DEPAN):
PREPOSISI + V-ING/BEING
Pengecualian pada kata TO pala kalimatnya yang menggunakan gerund:
TOGEL 2 BE + TO + V-ING
Take To/Object To/Get Used To/Look Forward To/BE USED TO/BE ACCUSTOMED TO
ReFoReST: TO + V1 (Belum Dilakukan)//// V-ING(Sudah Dilakukan)
Advice Allow Attempt Begin Continue Hate Like Intend Love Prefer
GERUND PASSIVE: S(benda pasive)+WaRN+V-ING////TO+BE+V3
INVINITIVE
A. BARE INFINITIVE
- Setelah kata kerja panca indra yang berlangsung dari awal sampai akhir
B. TO INFINITIVE
- Sebagai Subjek
To + V 1 + P/O
Ex:To drive a car safely needs a good brake
- WANAV + TO + V1
- W -H QOESTIONS
- A VERB
- N OUN
- A DJECTIVES
- V ERB
Ex:I don't know why She doesn't go to my party
- Setelah Kata-kata kerja Tertentu
BINI MUDA PROTES + TO + V1
Want | Beg | Mean | Propose/mise |
Allow | Intend | Urge | Require |
Advice | Need | Decide | Tell/teach |
Hope | Invite | Ask | Expect |
Support | |||
SARAN/KEPENTINGAN HARAPAN
ADIP RESAH NIE + THAT + S + V1/BE V |
- Advice,demine,insist,dropor,recomand,espect,
- suggest,ask,hope,neccecary,important,essensial,stop.
Ex:My father suggest that I study hard
CSP
- THAT/WHO
- WHETHER/IF
- 5W + H
- THE TIME WHEN/ON WHICH
- THE PLEACE WHERE/IN WHICH
- THE REASON WHY
- THE WAY HOW
Ex: I forget the time when She went to my home
VOCABOLARY AND DERIVATION
A.VERB
Posisi:
- Setelah kata:PLEASE,LET'S or DON'T + V-1
- Antara SUBJEK dan OBJEK
Affixs dari kata kerja:
-en en- -ize -ze -fy -efy -ve -d
B.NOUN
Posisi:
- Sebagai SUBJEK dan OBJEK
- Determine(kata yang terletak sebelum objek)yaitu:
- Kata Sifat Jumlah/Quantitative:Some,Many,Variuos,Few,ect
- Kata Ganti Tunjuk/Demonstrative:That,Such,Another
- Possessive
- Article:A,The
Both,no,every,each,several,more,nither,all,one,
- Kata Sifat Jumlah/Quantitative:Some,Many,Variuos,Few,ect
Affixs dari kata benda: -ment -ion -tion -ation -ance -ence -t -er/or/ist -ure/tur/ture –y/ery/ary.
C.ADJECTIVE
Posisi:
- Setelah Linking Verb: Look,Sound,Seem,Appear,Grow,Feel.
- Antara DETERMINE dan NOUN
- Setalah TO BE
Affixs dari kata sifat: -y -ly -ful -less -ous -ious -ic/etic/atic -ish -en -able/ible –tive/ive/ative –ing
Setelah/ KK → Verb Much + more/er + than
Setelah be → Adj
A KK
ADJ NOUN
A NOUN OF
Altough membandingan dalam satu kalimat:Altough………..,……..
However membandingkan Dalam dua kalimat: ……….however…….
DeSSASCOMP
Determine,Subjektive,Size,Age,Shape,Color,Origin,Material,Participle + Hate
CLAUSE
THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Fungsi sebagai penjelas.
- Who/That + V
The girl Who/That/ comes from flores is our new friend
Whom + S + V
The girl whom/that/Φ we met is a manager
Whose + Benda → Untuk orang
The girl whose purse was lost reported the case the police officer
- That/which + V + O
S + V
Ex: The knife which/that/Φ my mother cut meat with is very sharp
- Whose + Benda
SUBJECT | OBJECT | POSSESIVE | |
PERSON | Who,That | Whom,That,Φ | Whose |
THING | Which,That | Which,that, Φ | Whose,Of Which |
Boleh dihilangkan bila memakai presposisi Φ
That tidak boleh dipakai pada kalimat berkoma
Whose = Of Which
Yang memiliki preposisi adjective clause tidak ada yang bisa dihilangkan
Person/Thing + preposisi + Adj Clause +……..
TENSES
- Present
- Simple Present Tense
Pola Kalimat:
S + V1 + …….. I,You,We,They | S + V + s/es + ……. He,She,It | S+Is/Are + N/C |
Ex: My uncle doesn't go to office every morning
Fungsi : menyatakan kebenaran umum,kebiasaan yang masih berlangsung,bahasa drama
Ket waktu:Every,three times,occassionaly,now and then,now days,abitually,frequently,some times
Often,seldom
- Present Continuous Tense
Pola Kalimat:
S + TO BE + V-ing |
Ex: I am writting english summary now
My sister isn't studying in university this year
Fugsi:Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung waktu sekarang/menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung tapi belum tentu berlangsung ketika pernyataan di kemukakan.
Ker waktu:Now,at the moment,right now,this evening,today,(Look!,Listen!,Watch!Notice)
Catatan:beberapa kata kerja yang tidak dapat dalam bentuk continuous
- Kata kerja panca indra:feel,hear,see,smell,notice,observe
- Perasaan/emosi:adore,appreciate,care,detest,fear,hate,like,love,mind,want,wish
- Berhub aktifitas mental:Agree,believe,expect,forget,know, mean,perceive
relize,recall,recognize
- Present Perfect Tense
Pola Kalmat:
S + Have/Has + V3 | S+Have/Has+been+N/complement |
Ex: She has studied in university for six years
Fungsi:Menyatakan pebuatan yang terjadi di masa lampau yang waktunya yidak diketahui
Menyatakan perbuatan yang mungkin terulang lagi
Menyatakan perbuatan yang dimulai dimasa lampau yang telah berakhir waktu bicara
Ket Waktu:Since,For,Just,Lately,recently,as yet/so far/up to present(hingga kini)
- Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Pola kalimat:
S+Have/Has+been+V-ing |
Ex:My father has been working in garden all the morning
Fungsi:menyatakan peristiwa yang berlangsung di masa lampau dan masih berlangsung di masa
Dan berkemungkinan dilanjutkan dimasa yang akan datang.
Untuk kata kerja 'Live'mempunyai arti yang sama dengan 'Present Perfect'
Ket Waktu:For,Since,The whole day,for the last,for…now
- Past
- Simple Past Tense
Pola Kalimat:
S + was/were+N/C | S+V2 +….. |
Ex:I didn't come to our house last week
She was a student two years ago
Fungsi:Menyatakan peristiwa yang berlangsung di masa lampau.
Menyatakan kebiasaan di masa lampau
Ket Waktu:Last…,….Ago,This morning,Just now
- Past Continuous Tense
Pola Kalimat:
S+was/were+V-ing |
Ex:I was sleeping when a tief came in to my house
Fungsi:Menyatakan peristiwa yang berlangsung di masa lampau.
Menyatakan peristiwa yang terjadi diselingi oleh peristiwa lain dimasa lampau.
Bentuk was/were going to menyatakan keinginan dimasa lampau tapi tak terlaksana
- Past perfect Tense
Pola Kalimat:
S + Had + V-3 |
Fungsi:Menyataka peristiwa yang terjadi sebelum peristiwa lain terjadi di masa lampau
Ex: I did my home work after I had repaired my toy that is broken.
Menyatakan peristiwa yang terjadi selama periode tertentu/berulang kali hingga peristiwa lain
terjadi di masa lampau.
Ex:I had watched for an hour when she came
Ket Waktu:
Past Perfect+When+Past Tense | P tense + After + PP | PP + before + P tense |
d.Past Perfect Continuous
Pola Kalimat:
S + Had + been + V-ing |
Ex:We had been working in a company for a year when the world war broke out
Fungsi:Menyatakan peristiwa yang sedang terjadi sebelum/ketika peristiwa lain terjadi di masa lampau.
- Future
- Future Tense
Pola Kalimat:
S + Shall/Will + V-1 Shall:We,I |
Ex:My brother Will go to his girl friend's house
Fungsi:Menyataka peristiwa yang akan terjadi,menyatakan kehendak(semua S memakai Will)
- Future Continuous Tense:
Pola Kalimat:
S + Shall/Will + be + V-ing |
Fungsi:Menyatakan peristiwa yang akan sedang terjadi ketika peristiwa lain yang terjadi dimasa datang masih berlangsung
Ex:When you meet me at two o'clock I Shall be doing my home work
Menyatakan dua kejadian yang sama-sama terjadi dimasa yang akan datang.
Ket Waktu:When/While + Clause(Present/Future Tense),Next….,Tomorrow
- Future Perfect Tense
Pola kalimat:
S + Shall/Will + Have + V3 |
Ex:By the end of this year I shall have finished my work
Fungsi:Menyatakan peristiwa yang akan telah terjadi dimasa yang akan datang sebelum peristiwa berikutnya
Terjadi.
Ket Waktu: by then,by…..,by the end of…,in two weeks/months
Before + clause(present),when + clause(present)
- Future Pervest Continuous Tense
Pola Kalimat:
S + Shall/Will + Have + been+V-ing |
Ex:She will have been living in the city for five years by the end this year.
Ket Waktu:
By + ket waktu+…..for + ket waktu Next+ket waktu+….for+ket waktu When+ket waktu+…for+ket waktu |
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Perubahan kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tak langsung terjadi pada pronoun,tense,adverb,dan susunan kalimat
Perubahan Kalimat Langsung Menjadi Tak Langsung
- Perubahan Pronoun
Ex: She tells him"I am as old as you."
She tells him that she is as old as he.
- Perubahan Tenses
Ex:He explained"I buy some books in the book store."
He explaned that he bought in the book store
Perubahan tenses di sebabkan bentuk kata kerja yang di gunakan untuk menuturkan(introductory verb)
Jika Introductory Verb nya present maka tensesnya tak berubah Jika introductory nya Past:
Kalimat Langsung | Kalimat Tak Langsung |
Present | Past tense |
Past Tense | Past Perfect Tense |
Pengecualian:
- Konditional Tipe Dua pada Kalimat Subjuntive
Ex:He said"if I had much money,I would continue my study in adroad"
He said that if He had much money,he would continue his study in abroad
- Kata Kerja Bentuk Simple Present Tense yang Menyatakan Kebenaran Umum
Ex:He Said"The moon raises at night.'
He Said That moon raises at night
- Modal Past Tense:would,should,had better,used to,might,could
Ex:She said"I could speak english when I were in senior high school."
Sha Said that she could speak english whan she was in senior high school
- Must untuk Menyatakan Pernyataan Umum
Ex:She said we mustn't drive against the red light
She said that they musn't drive against the red light
- Perubahan Adverb
Kalimat Langsung | Kalimat Tak Langsung |
now | Then |
today | That day |
yesterday | The day before |
The day before yesterday | Two days before |
Tomorrow | The next day/following day |
The day after tomorrow | In two days time |
Next | Following |
Ago | Before |
Here | There |
This week | That week |
Ex:Anto said"my best friend died a year ago
Anto said that his best friend had died a year before
- Perubahan Susunan Kalimat
Kalimat tanya langsung berubah menjadi kalimat berita
Ex:He said"When does our mother go home?"
He asked When their mother went home.
She said"may I borrow your computer"
She asked whether/if she might borrowed my computer
- Perubahan Bentuk Invinitive
My father said"do your homework" → My father asked me to do my homework
Modal and Modal Perfect
Modal | Fungsi Menyatakan | Modal Perfect | Fungsi Menyatakan |
Can | Kemampuan/menyatakan izin | Must + have + V3 | Suatu kepastian |
Could | Kemampuan di wkt lampau | Might + have + V3 | Kemungkinan di masa lampau |
May | Kemungkinan/izin | Sould + have + V3 | Saran di masa lampau |
Might | Kemungkinan besar | Could + have +V3 | Kemampuan di masa lampau |
Must | Kebutuhan/Kesimpulan |